Course: Chemistry - KhanAcademy

Section outline

Select section General

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General

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Select section 1. ATOMIC STRUCTURE

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1. ATOMIC STRUCTURE
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  Atomic Models-Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom
  
  Select activity Rutherford's gold foil experiment
  
  
  
  Rutherford's gold foil experiment Lesson
  
  Students must
  
  Mark as done
  
  Select activity Atomic number, mass number, and isotopes
  
  
  
  Atomic number, mass number, and isotopes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Isotopes
  
  
  
  Isotopes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Atomic number, mass number and isotopes
  
  
  
  Atomic number, mass number and isotopes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Identifying isotopes and ions
  
  
  
  Worked example: Identifying isotopes and ions Lesson
  
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  Developments To The Bohr’s Model of Atom
  
  Select activity Electromagnetic waves and the electromagnetic spectrum
  
  
  
  Electromagnetic waves and the electromagnetic spectrum Lesson
  
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  Select activity Introduction to light
  
  
  
  Introduction to light Lesson
  
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  Select activity Amplitude, period, frequency and wavelength of periodic waves
  
  
  
  Amplitude, period, frequency and wavelength of periodic waves Lesson
  
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  Select activity Photon Energy
  
  
  
  Photon Energy Lesson
  
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  Select activity Photoelectric effect
  
  
  
  Photoelectric effect Lesson
  
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  Select activity Absorption and emission
  
  
  
  Absorption and emission Lesson
  
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  Select activity Emission spectrum of hydrogen
  
  
  
  Emission spectrum of hydrogen Lesson
  
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  Bohr’s Model For Hydrogen Atom
  
  Select activity Bohr model radii (derivation using physics)
  
  
  
  Bohr model radii (derivation using physics) Lesson
  
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  Select activity Bohr model radii
  
  
  
  Bohr model radii Lesson
  
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  Select activity Bohr model energy levels (derivation using physics)
  
  
  
  Bohr model energy levels (derivation using physics) Lesson
  
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  Select activity Bohr model energy levels
  
  
  
  Bohr model energy levels Lesson
  
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  Select activity Atomic Energy Levels
  
  
  
  Atomic Energy Levels Lesson
  
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  Towards Quantum Mechanical Model of The Atom
  
  Select activity De Broglie wavelength
  
  
  
  De Broglie wavelength Lesson
  
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  Select activity Dual behaviour of matter: de Broglie wavelength
  
  
  
  Dual behaviour of matter: de Broglie wavelength Lesson
  
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  Select activity Heisenberg uncertainty principle
  
  
  
  Heisenberg uncertainty principle Lesson
  
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  Quantum Mechanical Model of An Atom
  
  Select activity Quantum Wavefunction
  
  
  
  Quantum Wavefunction Lesson
  
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  Select activity Quantum numbers
  
  
  
  Quantum numbers Lesson
  
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  Select activity Quantum numbers for the first four shells
  
  
  
  Quantum numbers for the first four shells Lesson
  
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  Select activity The Aufbau principle
  
  
  
  The Aufbau principle Lesson
  
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  Select activity Quantum numbers - Worked problem
  
  
  
  Quantum numbers - Worked problem Lesson
  
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Select section 2. CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES

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2. CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
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  Modern Periodic Law and Present Form of The Periodic Table
  
  Select activity Counting valence electrons for main group elements
  
  Counting valence electrons for main group elements Lesson
  
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  Nomenclature of Elements With Atomic Number Greater Than 100
  
  Select activity The periodic table
  
  The periodic table Lesson
  
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  Select activity Groups of the periodic table
  
  Groups of the periodic table Lesson
  
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  Electronic Configuration of Elements
  
  Select activity Introduction to electron configurations
  
  
  
  Introduction to electron configurations Lesson
  
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  Select activity Shells, subshells, and orbitals
  
  
  
  Shells, subshells, and orbitals Lesson
  
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  Select activity Noble gas configuration
  
  
  
  Noble gas configuration Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electron configurations for the first period
  
  
  
  Electron configurations for the first period Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electron configurations for the second period
  
  
  
  Electron configurations for the second period Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electron configurations for the third and fourth periods
  
  
  
  Electron configurations for the third and fourth periods Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electron configurations of the 3d transition metals
  
  
  
  Electron configurations of the 3d transition metals Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electron configurations of ions
  
  
  
  Electron configurations of ions Lesson
  
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  Select activity Transition Metals
  
  
  
  Transition Metals Lesson
  
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  Periodic Trends in Properties of Elements
  
  Select activity Atomic radius trends on periodic table
  
  
  
  Atomic radius trends on periodic table Lesson
  
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  Select activity Atomic and ionic radii
  
  
  
  Atomic and ionic radii Lesson
  
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  Select activity Mini-video on ion size
  
  
  
  Mini-video on ion size Lesson
  
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  Select activity Ionization energy trends
  
  
  
  Ionization energy trends Lesson
  
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  Select activity Ionization energy: group trend
  
  
  
  Ionization energy: group trend Lesson
  
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  Select activity Ionization energy: period trend
  
  
  
  Ionization energy: period trend Lesson
  
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  Select activity First and second ionization energy
  
  
  
  First and second ionization energy Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electron affinity: period trend
  
  
  
  Electron affinity: period trend Lesson
  
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  Select activity Oxidation state trends in periodic table
  
  
  
  Oxidation state trends in periodic table Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electronegativity and bonding
  
  
  
  Electronegativity and bonding Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electronegativity
  
  
  
  Electronegativity Lesson
  
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  Select activity Metallic nature
  
  
  
  Metallic nature Lesson
  
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  Select activity Atomic radius: Worked problem
  
  
  
  Atomic radius: Worked problem Lesson
  
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  Select activity Ionisation enthalpy: Worked problem
  
  
  
  Ionisation enthalpy: Worked problem Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electronegativity: Worked problem
  
  
  
  Electronegativity: Worked problem Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electronic configurations: Worked problem
  
  
  
  Electronic configurations: Worked problem Lesson
  
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Select section 3. CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

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3. CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
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  Kossel-Lewis Approach To Chemical Bonding
  
  Select activity Covalent bonds
  
  
  
  Covalent bonds Lesson
  
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  Select activity Exceptions to the octet rule
  
  
  
  Exceptions to the octet rule Lesson
  
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  Select activity Drawing Lewis diagrams
  
  
  
  Drawing Lewis diagrams Lesson
  
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  Select activity More on the dot structure for sulfur dioxide
  
  
  
  More on the dot structure for sulfur dioxide Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Lewis diagram of formaldehyde (CH₂O)
  
  
  
  Worked example: Lewis diagram of formaldehyde (CH₂O) Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Lewis diagram of the cyanide ion (CN⁻)
  
  
  
  Worked example: Lewis diagram of the cyanide ion (CN⁻) Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Lewis diagram of xenon difluoride (XeF₂)
  
  
  
  Worked example: Lewis diagram of xenon difluoride (XeF₂) Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Using formal charges to evaluate nonequivalent resonance structures
  
  
  
  Worked example: Using formal charges to evaluate nonequivalent resonance structures Lesson
  
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  Ionic or Electrovalent Bond
  
  Select activity Ionic bonds
  
  
  
  Ionic bonds Lesson
  
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  Select activity Ionic bonds: Reaction of metals & Non-metals
  
  
  
  Ionic bonds: Reaction of metals & Non-metals Lesson
  
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  Select activity Metallic bonds
  
  
  
  Metallic bonds Lesson
  
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  Select activity Predicting bond type (metals vs. nonmetals)
  
  
  
  Predicting bond type (metals vs. nonmetals) Lesson
  
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  Bond Parameters
  
  Select activity Bond length and bond energy
  
  
  
  Bond length and bond energy Lesson
  
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  Select activity Lattice energy
  
  
  
  Lattice energy Lesson
  
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  Select activity Resonance
  
  
  
  Resonance Lesson
  
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  Select activity Formal charge
  
  
  
  Formal charge Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electronegativity and bonding
  
  
  
  Electronegativity and bonding Lesson
  
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  Select activity Predicting bond type (electronegativity)
  
  
  
  Predicting bond type (electronegativity) Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Finding bond order
  
  
  
  Worked example: Finding bond order Lesson
  
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  The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR)Theory
  
  Select activity VSEPR for 2 electron clouds
  
  
  
  VSEPR for 2 electron clouds Lesson
  
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  Select activity VSEPR for 3 electron clouds
  
  
  
  VSEPR for 3 electron clouds Lesson
  
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  Select activity VSEPR for 4 electron clouds
  
  
  
  VSEPR for 4 electron clouds Lesson
  
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  Select activity VSEPR for 5 electron clouds (part 1)
  
  
  
  VSEPR for 5 electron clouds (part 1) Lesson
  
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  Select activity VSEPR for 5 electron clouds (part 2)
  
  
  
  VSEPR for 5 electron clouds (part 2) Lesson
  
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  Select activity VSEPR for 6 electron clouds
  
  
  
  VSEPR for 6 electron clouds Lesson
  
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  Valence Bond Theory
  
  Select activity Valence bond theory
  
  Valence bond theory Lesson
  
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  Hybridisation
  
  Select activity Hybridisation-part1
  
  
  
  Hybridisation-part1 Lesson
  
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  Select activity sp² hybridization
  
  
  
  sp² hybridization Lesson
  
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  Select activity sp³ hybridization
  
  
  
  sp³ hybridization Lesson
  
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  Select activity Steric number
  
  
  
  Steric number Lesson
  
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  Select activity sp hybridization
  
  
  
  sp hybridization Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked examples: Finding the hybridization of atoms in organic molecules
  
  
  
  Worked examples: Finding the hybridization of atoms in organic molecules Lesson
  
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  Molecular orbital theory
  
  Select activity Worked example: Interpreting potential energy curves of diatomic molecules
  
  Worked example: Interpreting potential energy curves of diatomic molecules Lesson
  
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  Hydrogen Bonding
  
  Select activity Hydrogen bonding
  
  Hydrogen bonding Lesson
  
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  Select activity Hydrogen bonding in water
  
  Hydrogen bonding in water Lesson
  
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Select section 4. STATES OF MATTER : GASES AND LIQUIDS

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4. STATES OF MATTER : GASES AND LIQUIDS
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  Intermolecular Forces
  
  Select activity States of matter
  
  
  
  States of matter Lesson
  
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  Select activity London dispersion forces
  
  
  
  London dispersion forces Lesson
  
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  Select activity Dipole–dipole forces
  
  
  
  Dipole–dipole forces Lesson
  
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  Select activity Intermolecular forces
  
  
  
  Intermolecular forces Lesson
  
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  Select activity States of matter follow-up
  
  
  
  States of matter follow-up Lesson
  
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  The Gas Laws
  
  Select activity Boyle's law
  
  
  
  Boyle's law Lesson
  
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  Select activity Charles's law
  
  
  
  Charles's law Lesson
  
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  Select activity Avogadro's law
  
  
  
  Avogadro's law Lesson
  
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  Select activity Derivation of gas constants using molar volume and STP
  
  
  
  Derivation of gas constants using molar volume and STP Lesson
  
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  Ideal Gas Equation
  
  Select activity Ideal gas equation: PV = nRT
  
  
  
  Ideal gas equation: PV = nRT Lesson
  
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  Select activity Definition of an ideal gas, ideal gas law
  
  
  
  Definition of an ideal gas, ideal gas law Lesson
  
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  Select activity Ideal gas equation example 1
  
  
  
  Ideal gas equation example 1 Lesson
  
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  Select activity Ideal gas equation example 2
  
  
  
  Ideal gas equation example 2 Lesson
  
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  Select activity Ideal gas equation example 3
  
  
  
  Ideal gas equation example 3 Lesson
  
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  Select activity Ideal gas equation example 4
  
  
  
  Ideal gas equation example 4 Lesson
  
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  Graham’s Law of Diffusion – Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
  
  Select activity Introduction to partial pressure
  
  Introduction to partial pressure Lesson
  
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  Select activity Partial pressure example
  
  Partial pressure example Lesson
  
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  Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
  
  Select activity The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution
  
  The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution Lesson
  
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  Kinetic Gas Equation of An Ideal Gas
  
  Select activity Deflate gate
  
  Deflate gate Lesson
  
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  Behaviour of Real Gases
  
  Select activity When real gases behave less ideal
  
  When real gases behave less ideal Lesson
  
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  Select activity Van der Waals equation
  
  Van der Waals equation Lesson
  
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  Liquid State
  
  Select activity Vapor pressure
  
  
  
  Vapor pressure Lesson
  
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  Select activity Surface tension
  
  
  
  Surface tension Lesson
  
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  Select activity Surface Tension and Adhesion
  
  
  
  Surface Tension and Adhesion Lesson
  
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Select section 5. STOICHIOMETRY

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5. STOICHIOMETRY
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  Some Basic Concepts
  
  Select activity Stoichiometry
  
  
  
  Stoichiometry Lesson
  
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  Select activity Stoichiometry example problem 1
  
  
  
  Stoichiometry example problem 1 Lesson
  
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  Select activity Stoichiometry example problem 2
  
  
  
  Stoichiometry example problem 2 Lesson
  
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  Select activity Stoichiometry: Limiting reagent
  
  
  
  Stoichiometry: Limiting reagent Lesson
  
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  Select activity Limiting reactant example problem 1
  
  
  
  Limiting reactant example problem 1 Lesson
  
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  Select activity States of matter
  
  
  
  States of matter Lesson
  
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  Laws of Chemical Combinations
  
  Select activity Avogadro's law
  
  
  
  Avogadro's law Lesson
  
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  Select activity Definition of an ideal gas, ideal gas law
  
  
  
  Definition of an ideal gas, ideal gas law Lesson
  
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  Select activity The mole and Avogadro's number
  
  
  
  The mole and Avogadro's number Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Calculating molar mass and number of moles
  
  
  
  Worked example: Calculating molar mass and number of moles Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Calculating mass percent
  
  
  
  Worked example: Calculating mass percent Lesson
  
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  Select activity Empirical, molecular, and structural formulas
  
  
  
  Empirical, molecular, and structural formulas Lesson
  
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  Select activity Molecular and empirical formulas
  
  
  
  Molecular and empirical formulas Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Determining an empirical formula from percent composition data
  
  
  
  Worked example: Determining an empirical formula from percent composition data Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Determining an empirical formula from combustion data
  
  
  
  Worked example: Determining an empirical formula from combustion data Lesson
  
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  Atomic and Molecular Masses
  
  Select activity Molarity vs. molality
  
  Molarity vs. molality Lesson
  
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  Select activity Molecular and empirical formula
  
  Molecular and empirical formula Lesson
  
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  Percentage Composition of Compounds
  
  Select activity Understanding mole concept through a problem
  
  Understanding mole concept through a problem Lesson
  
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  Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Calculations
  
  Select activity Calculating amount of reactants and products
  
  
  
  Calculating amount of reactants and products Lesson
  
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  Select activity Concentration terms in Chemistry
  
  
  
  Concentration terms in Chemistry Lesson
  
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  Select activity Combination Reactions
  
  
  
  Combination Reactions Lesson
  
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  Select activity Displacement reactions
  
  
  
  Displacement reactions Lesson
  
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  Select activity Decomposition reactions
  
  
  
  Decomposition reactions Lesson
  
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  Select activity Disproportionation reaction
  
  
  
  Disproportionation reaction Lesson
  
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  Select activity Oxidation and reduction (Conventional definition)
  
  
  
  Oxidation and reduction (Conventional definition) Lesson
  
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  Methods of Expressing Concentrations of Solutions
  
  Select activity Redox reaction
  
  
  
  Redox reaction Lesson
  
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  Select activity Oxidation and reduction
  
  
  
  Oxidation and reduction Lesson
  
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  Select activity Oxidation state trends in periodic table
  
  
  
  Oxidation state trends in periodic table Lesson
  
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  Select activity Practice determining oxidation states
  
  
  
  Practice determining oxidation states Lesson
  
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  Select activity Unusual oxygen oxidation states
  
  
  
  Unusual oxygen oxidation states Lesson
  
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  Select activity Introduction to redox reactions
  
  
  
  Introduction to redox reactions Lesson
  
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  Redox Reactions
  
  Select activity Redox reaction with iron
  
  
  
  Redox reaction with iron Lesson
  
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  Select activity Oxidizing and reducing agents
  
  
  
  Oxidizing and reducing agents Lesson
  
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  Select activity Disproportionation
  
  
  
  Disproportionation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Balancing a redox equation in acidic solution
  
  
  
  Worked example: Balancing a redox equation in acidic solution Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Balancing a redox equation in basic solution
  
  
  
  Worked example: Balancing a redox equation in basic solution Lesson
  
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  Types of Redox Reactions
  
  Select activity Redox titrations
  
  
  
  Redox titrations Lesson
  
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  Select activity Introduction to galvanic/voltaic cells
  
  
  
  Introduction to galvanic/voltaic cells Lesson
  
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  Select activity Redox reaction from dissolving zinc in copper sulfate
  
  
  
  Redox reaction from dissolving zinc in copper sulfate Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electrodes and voltage of Galvanic cell
  
  
  
  Electrodes and voltage of Galvanic cell Lesson
  
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  Balancing of Redox Reactions
  
  Select activity Shorthand notation for galvanic/voltaic cells
  
  
  
  Shorthand notation for galvanic/voltaic cells Lesson
  
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  Select activity Standard reduction potentials
  
  
  
  Standard reduction potentials Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Redox titrations
  
  
  
  Worked example: Redox titrations Lesson
  
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  Redox Reactions in Titrimetry
  
  Select activity Worked example: Electrode processes
  
  Worked example: Electrode processes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Disproportionation reaction
  
  Worked example: Disproportionation reaction Lesson
  
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Select section 6. THERMODYNAMICS

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6. THERMODYNAMICS
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  Thermodynamic Terms
  
  Select activity First Law of Thermodynamics introduction
  
  
  
  First Law of Thermodynamics introduction Lesson
  
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  Select activity More on internal energy
  
  
  
  More on internal energy Lesson
  
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  Select activity Calculating internal energy and work example
  
  
  
  Calculating internal energy and work example Lesson
  
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  Select activity State and Path functions
  
  
  
  State and Path functions Lesson
  
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  Applications –Work-Enthalpy-Extensive and Intensive Properties-Heat Capacity
  
  Select activity Free expansion of an ideal gas
  
  
  
  Free expansion of an ideal gas Lesson
  
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  Select activity Work from expansion
  
  
  
  Work from expansion Lesson
  
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  Select activity Heat of formation
  
  
  
  Heat of formation Lesson
  
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  Measurment of ‘U and H’ of Reactions
  
  Select activity Hess's law and reaction enthalpy change
  
  
  
  Hess's law and reaction enthalpy change Lesson
  
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  Select activity Hess's law example
  
  
  
  Hess's law example Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Hess's law
  
  
  
  Worked example: Hess's law Lesson
  
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  Enthalpies For Different Types of Reactions
  
  Select activity Enthalpy
  
  
  
  Enthalpy Lesson
  
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  Select activity Standard enthalpy change for combustion
  
  
  
  Standard enthalpy change for combustion Lesson
  
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  Select activity Standard enthalpy of atomisation
  
  
  
  Standard enthalpy of atomisation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Bond enthalpy and enthalpy of reaction
  
  
  
  Bond enthalpy and enthalpy of reaction Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Enthalpy and calorimetry
  
  
  
  Worked example: Enthalpy and calorimetry Lesson
  
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  Spontaneity
  
  Select activity Introduction to entropy
  
  
  
  Introduction to entropy Lesson
  
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  Select activity Reconciling thermodynamic and state definitions of entropy
  
  
  
  Reconciling thermodynamic and state definitions of entropy Lesson
  
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  Select activity Entropy intuition
  
  
  
  Entropy intuition Lesson
  
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  Select activity More on entropy
  
  
  
  More on entropy Lesson
  
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  Gibbs Energy Change and Equilibrium
  
  Select activity Gibbs free energy and spontaneity
  
  
  
  Gibbs free energy and spontaneity Lesson
  
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  Select activity Gibbs free energy example
  
  
  
  Gibbs free energy example Lesson
  
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  Select activity More rigorous Gibbs free energy / spontaneity relationship
  
  
  
  More rigorous Gibbs free energy / spontaneity relationship Lesson
  
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  Select activity A look at a seductive but wrong Gibbs/spontaneity proof
  
  
  
  A look at a seductive but wrong Gibbs/spontaneity proof Lesson
  
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  Select activity Calculating std. Gibbs free energy change
  
  
  
  Calculating std. Gibbs free energy change Lesson
  
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  Select activity Changes in free energy and the reaction quotient
  
  
  
  Changes in free energy and the reaction quotient Lesson
  
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  Select activity Standard change in free energy and the equilibrium constant
  
  
  
  Standard change in free energy and the equilibrium constant Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Gibbs free energy & equilibrium constant
  
  
  
  Worked example: Gibbs free energy & equilibrium constant Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Gibbs free energy change & spontaneity
  
  
  
  Worked example: Gibbs free energy change & spontaneity Lesson
  
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Select section 7. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND ACIDS - BASES

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7. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND ACIDS - BASES
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  Equilibrium in Physical Processes
  
  Select activity Dissolution of solids and gases in liquids
  
  Dissolution of solids and gases in liquids Lesson
  
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  Equilibrium in Chemical Process
  
  Select activity Reactions in equilibrium
  
  Reactions in equilibrium Lesson
  
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  Law of Chemical Equilibrium
  
  Select activity Keq intuition
  
  Keq intuition Lesson
  
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  Select activity Keq derivation intuition
  
  Keq derivation intuition Lesson
  
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  Homogeneous Equilibria
  
  Select activity Small x approximation for small Kc
  
  Small x approximation for small Kc Lesson
  
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  Select activity Small x approximation for large Kc
  
  Small x approximation for large Kc Lesson
  
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  Heterogeneous Equilibria
  
  Select activity Heterogeneous equilibrium
  
  Heterogeneous equilibrium Lesson
  
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  Relationship Between Equilibrium Constant ‘K’, Reaction Quotient ‘Q’ and Gibbs Energy ‘G’
  
  Select activity Introduction to reaction quotient Qc
  
  Introduction to reaction quotient Qc Lesson
  
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  Factors Affecting Equilibria
  
  Select activity Le Chatelier's principle
  
  Le Chatelier's principle Lesson
  
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  Select activity Le-Chatelier's Principle: Adding a catalyst
  
  Le-Chatelier's Principle: Adding a catalyst Lesson
  
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  Acids, Bases and Salts
  
  Select activity Arrhenius definition of acids and bases
  
  
  
  Arrhenius definition of acids and bases Lesson
  
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  Select activity Strong and weak acids/bases
  
  
  
  Strong and weak acids/bases Lesson
  
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  Select activity Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases
  
  
  
  Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases Lesson
  
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  Select activity Conjugate acid–base pairs
  
  
  
  Conjugate acid–base pairs Lesson
  
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  Select activity Acid-base properties of salts
  
  
  
  Acid-base properties of salts Lesson
  
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  Ionic Equilibrium in Solution
  
  Select activity Worked example on ionic equilibrium
  
  Worked example on ionic equilibrium Lesson
  
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  Ionisation of Acids and Bases
  
  Select activity Autoionization of water
  
  
  
  Autoionization of water Lesson
  
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  Select activity Definition of pH
  
  
  
  Definition of pH Lesson
  
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  Select activity Strong acids and strong bases
  
  
  
  Strong acids and strong bases Lesson
  
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  Select activity pH, pOH of strong acids and bases
  
  
  
  pH, pOH of strong acids and bases Lesson
  
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  Select activity Ka and acid strength
  
  
  
  Ka and acid strength Lesson
  
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  Select activity Acid strength, anion size, and bond energy
  
  
  
  Acid strength, anion size, and bond energy Lesson
  
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  Select activity Weak acid equilibrium
  
  
  
  Weak acid equilibrium Lesson
  
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  Select activity Weak base equilibrium
  
  
  
  Weak base equilibrium Lesson
  
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  Select activity Relationship between Ka and Kb
  
  
  
  Relationship between Ka and Kb Lesson
  
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  Select activity pKa and pKb relationship
  
  
  
  pKa and pKb relationship Lesson
  
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  Select activity Common ion effect and buffers
  
  
  
  Common ion effect and buffers Lesson
  
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  Select activity pH of salt solutions
  
  
  
  pH of salt solutions Lesson
  
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  Buffer Solutions
  
  Select activity Introduction to buffers
  
  
  
  Introduction to buffers Lesson
  
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  Select activity Buffers and Henderson-Hasselbalch
  
  
  
  Buffers and Henderson-Hasselbalch Lesson
  
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  Select activity Buffer solution pH calculations
  
  
  
  Buffer solution pH calculations Lesson
  
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  Select activity pH and pKa relationship for buffers
  
  
  
  pH and pKa relationship for buffers Lesson
  
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  Select activity Buffer capacity
  
  
  
  Buffer capacity Lesson
  
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  Select activity Ways to get a buffer solution
  
  
  
  Ways to get a buffer solution Lesson
  
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  Solubility Equilibria of Sparingly Soluble Salts
  
  Select activity Dissolution and precipitation
  
  
  
  Dissolution and precipitation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Common polyatomic ions
  
  
  
  Common polyatomic ions Lesson
  
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  Select activity Solubility and the pH of the solution
  
  
  
  Solubility and the pH of the solution Lesson
  
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  Select activity Solubility and complex ion formation
  
  
  
  Solubility and complex ion formation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Using the reaction quotient to predict a pressure change
  
  
  
  Worked example: Using the reaction quotient to predict a pressure change Lesson
  
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  Select activity Le Chatelier's principle: Worked example
  
  
  
  Le Chatelier's principle: Worked example Lesson
  
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Select section 10. p-BLOCK ELEMENTS GROUP 13 (BORON FAMILY)

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10. p-BLOCK ELEMENTS GROUP 13 (BORON FAMILY)
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  Introduction
  
  Select activity Introduction to p-block elements
  
  
  
  Introduction to p-block elements Lesson
  
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  Select activity Oxidation states of p-block elements
  
  
  
  Oxidation states of p-block elements Lesson
  
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  Select activity Inert pair effect
  
  
  
  Inert pair effect Lesson
  
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  Select activity Inert pair effect - II
  
  
  
  Inert pair effect - II Lesson
  
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  Important Trends and Anomalous Properties of Boron
  
  Select activity Trends in the properties of group-13 elements
  
  Trends in the properties of group-13 elements Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electron-deficient nature of group-13 compounds
  
  Electron-deficient nature of group-13 compounds Lesson
  
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Select section 11. p-BLOCK ELEMENTS GROUP 14 (CARBON FAMILY)

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11. p-BLOCK ELEMENTS GROUP 14 (CARBON FAMILY)
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  Introduction
  
  Select activity Oxidising and reducing nature of group-14 elements
  
  Oxidising and reducing nature of group-14 elements Lesson
  
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  Select activity Inert pair effect and bonding: Carbon vs Lead
  
  Inert pair effect and bonding: Carbon vs Lead Lesson
  
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  Important Trends and Anomalous Properties of Carbon
  
  Select activity Trends in the properties of group-14 elements
  
  Trends in the properties of group-14 elements Lesson
  
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  Allotropes of Carbon
  
  Select activity Electron-precise nature of group-14 elements
  
  Electron-precise nature of group-14 elements Lesson
  
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  Some Important Compounds of Carbon
  
  Select activity Silicon-based life | Properties of carbon
  
  Silicon-based life | Properties of carbon Lesson
  
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Select section 12. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

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12. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
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  Definition of Terms: Air, Water and Soil Pollutions
  
  Select activity Pollution and human health
  
  Pollution and human health Lesson
  
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  Atmospheric Pollution
  
  Select activity Indoor air pollutants
  
  
  
  Indoor air pollutants Lesson
  
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  Select activity A thermal inversion example: the Donora smog
  
  
  
  A thermal inversion example: the Donora smog Lesson
  
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  Select activity Reduction of Air Pollutant
  
  
  
  Reduction of Air Pollutant Lesson
  
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  Select activity Greenhouse effect and greenhouse gases
  
  
  
  Greenhouse effect and greenhouse gases Lesson
  
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  Acid Rain: Particulate Pollutants
  
  Select activity Acid Rain
  
  Acid Rain Lesson
  
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  Stratospheric Pollution
  
  Select activity Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
  
  Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Lesson
  
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  Water Pollution
  
  Select activity Sewage treatment
  
  Sewage treatment Lesson
  
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  Select activity Human impact on aquatic environments
  
  Human impact on aquatic environments Lesson
  
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  Soil Pollution: Pesticides, Industrial Wastes
  
  Select activity Introduction to sustainability
  
  Introduction to sustainability Lesson
  
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  Strategies To Control Environmental Pollution
  
  Select activity Solid waste disposal
  
  Solid waste disposal Lesson
  
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Select section 13. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES, HYDROCARBONS

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13. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES, HYDROCARBONS
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  Tetravalency of Carbon: Shapes of Organic Compounds
  
  Select activity Carbon as a building block of life
  
  
  
  Carbon as a building block of life Lesson
  
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  Select activity Silicon-based life
  
  
  
  Silicon-based life Lesson
  
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  Select activity Dot structures I: Single bonds
  
  
  
  Dot structures I: Single bonds Lesson
  
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  Select activity Dot structures II: Multiple bonds
  
  
  
  Dot structures II: Multiple bonds Lesson
  
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  Select activity sp3 hybridized orbitals and sigma bonds
  
  
  
  sp3 hybridized orbitals and sigma bonds Lesson
  
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  Select activity Pi bonds and sp2 hybridized orbitals
  
  
  
  Pi bonds and sp2 hybridized orbitals Lesson
  
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  Select activity sp³ hybridization
  
  
  
  sp³ hybridization Lesson
  
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  Select activity Steric number
  
  
  
  Steric number Lesson
  
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  Select activity sp hybridization
  
  
  
  sp hybridization Lesson
  
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  Classification of Organic Compounds
  
  Select activity Functional groups
  
  Functional groups Lesson
  
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  Select activity Homologous series
  
  Homologous series Lesson
  
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  Structural Representations of Organic Compounds
  
  Select activity Condensed structures
  
  
  
  Condensed structures Lesson
  
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  Select activity Bond-line structures
  
  
  
  Bond-line structures Lesson
  
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  Select activity Three-dimensional bond-line structures
  
  
  
  Three-dimensional bond-line structures Lesson
  
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  Select activity Tetrahedral bond angle proof
  
  
  
  Tetrahedral bond angle proof Lesson
  
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  Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
  
  Select activity Nomenclature of carbon compounds (Including functional groups)
  
  
  
  Nomenclature of carbon compounds (Including functional groups) Lesson
  
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  Select activity Common and systematic naming: iso-, sec-, and tert- prefixes
  
  
  
  Common and systematic naming: iso-, sec-, and tert- prefixes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Functional groups
  
  
  
  Functional groups Lesson
  
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  Select activity More functional groups
  
  
  
  More functional groups Lesson
  
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  Select activity Identifying functional groups
  
  
  
  Identifying functional groups Lesson
  
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  Select activity Organic chemistry naming examples 2
  
  
  
  Organic chemistry naming examples 2 Lesson
  
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  Select activity Organic chemistry naming examples 3
  
  
  
  Organic chemistry naming examples 3 Lesson
  
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  Select activity Naming a cycloalkane
  
  
  
  Naming a cycloalkane Lesson
  
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  Select activity Naming two isobutyl groups systematically
  
  
  
  Naming two isobutyl groups systematically Lesson
  
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  Select activity Organic chemistry naming examples 4
  
  
  
  Organic chemistry naming examples 4 Lesson
  
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  Select activity Alkane and cycloalkane nomenclature I
  
  
  
  Alkane and cycloalkane nomenclature I Lesson
  
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  Select activity Alkane and cycloalkane nomenclature II
  
  
  
  Alkane and cycloalkane nomenclature II Lesson
  
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  Select activity Alkane and cycloalkane nomenclature III
  
  
  
  Alkane and cycloalkane nomenclature III Lesson
  
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  Isomerism
  
  Select activity Isomers
  
  Isomers Lesson
  
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  Select activity Structural (constitutional) isomers
  
  Structural (constitutional) isomers Lesson
  
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  Fundamental Concepts in Organic Reaction Mechanisms
  
  Select activity Nucleophilicity (Nucleophile Strength)
  
  
  
  Nucleophilicity (Nucleophile Strength) Lesson
  
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  Select activity Nucleophilicity vs. Basicity
  
  
  
  Nucleophilicity vs. Basicity Lesson
  
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  Select activity Elimination vs substitution: reagent
  
  
  
  Elimination vs substitution: reagent Lesson
  
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  Select activity Identifying nucleophilic and electrophilic centers
  
  
  
  Identifying nucleophilic and electrophilic centers Lesson
  
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  Select activity Curly arrow conventions in organic chemistry
  
  
  
  Curly arrow conventions in organic chemistry Lesson
  
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  Select activity Resonance structure
  
  
  
  Resonance structure Lesson
  
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  Select activity Resonance structure patterns
  
  
  
  Resonance structure patterns Lesson
  
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  Select activity Common mistakes when drawing resonance structures
  
  
  
  Common mistakes when drawing resonance structures Lesson
  
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  Select activity Resonance structures and hybridization
  
  
  
  Resonance structures and hybridization Lesson
  
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  Select activity Carbocation stability and rearrangements
  
  
  
  Carbocation stability and rearrangements Lesson
  
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  Select activity Carbocation rearrangement practice
  
  
  
  Carbocation rearrangement practice Lesson
  
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  Methods of Purification of Organic Compounds
  
  Select activity Simple and fractional distillations
  
  
  
  Simple and fractional distillations Lesson
  
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  Select activity Basics of chromatography
  
  
  
  Basics of chromatography Lesson
  
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  Select activity Column chromatography
  
  
  
  Column chromatography Lesson
  
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  Select activity Thin layer chromatography (TLC)
  
  
  
  Thin layer chromatography (TLC) Lesson
  
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  Select activity Calculating retention factors for TLC
  
  
  
  Calculating retention factors for TLC Lesson
  
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  Select activity Gas chromatography
  
  
  
  Gas chromatography Lesson
  
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  Qualitative Elemental Analysis of Organic Compounds
  
  Select activity Why do we care about Acidic strength?
  
  
  
  Why do we care about Acidic strength? Lesson
  
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  Select activity Why is methanol more acidic than ethanol?
  
  
  
  Why is methanol more acidic than ethanol? Lesson
  
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  Select activity Using electronic effects to compare acidic strength - Aromaticity
  
  
  
  Using electronic effects to compare acidic strength - Aromaticity Lesson
  
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  Select activity How does ortho-effect work in benzoic acids?
  
  
  
  How does ortho-effect work in benzoic acids? Lesson
  
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  Select activity Nitration of Aniline
  
  
  
  Nitration of Aniline Lesson
  
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  Classification of Hydrocarbons
  
  Select activity Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes- General molecular formula
  
  
  
  Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes- General molecular formula Lesson
  
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  Select activity Nomenclature of hydrocarbons: Alkanes, Alkenes, & Alkynes
  
  
  
  Nomenclature of hydrocarbons: Alkanes, Alkenes, & Alkynes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Naming alkanes with alkyl groups
  
  
  
  Naming alkanes with alkyl groups Lesson
  
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  Alkanes
  
  Select activity Naming simple alkanes
  
  
  
  Naming simple alkanes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Correction - 2-propylheptane should never be the name!
  
  
  
  Correction - 2-propylheptane should never be the name! Lesson
  
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  Select activity Naming alkanes with ethyl groups
  
  
  
  Naming alkanes with ethyl groups Lesson
  
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  Select activity Alkane with isopropyl group
  
  
  
  Alkane with isopropyl group Lesson
  
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  Select activity Representing structures of organic molecules
  
  
  
  Representing structures of organic molecules Lesson
  
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  Select activity Free radical reactions
  
  
  
  Free radical reactions Lesson
  
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  Select activity Newman projections
  
  
  
  Newman projections Lesson
  
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  Select activity Conformations of ethane
  
  
  
  Conformations of ethane Lesson
  
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  Select activity Conformational analysis of ethane
  
  
  
  Conformational analysis of ethane Lesson
  
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  Alkenes
  
  Select activity Structure and classification of alkenes
  
  
  
  Structure and classification of alkenes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Alkene nomenclature
  
  
  
  Alkene nomenclature Lesson
  
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  Select activity Naming alkenes examples
  
  
  
  Naming alkenes examples Lesson
  
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  Select activity cis-trans and E-Z naming scheme for alkenes
  
  
  
  cis-trans and E-Z naming scheme for alkenes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Cis–trans isomerism
  
  
  
  Cis–trans isomerism Lesson
  
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  Select activity E–Z system
  
  
  
  E–Z system Lesson
  
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  Select activity Alkene stability
  
  
  
  Alkene stability Lesson
  
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  Select activity Introduction to reaction mechanisms
  
  
  
  Introduction to reaction mechanisms Lesson
  
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  Select activity Markovnikov's rule and carbocations
  
  
  
  Markovnikov's rule and carbocations Lesson
  
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  Select activity Hydroboration-oxidation
  
  
  
  Hydroboration-oxidation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Hydroboration-oxidation: Mechanism
  
  
  
  Hydroboration-oxidation: Mechanism Lesson
  
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  Select activity Addition of water (acid-catalyzed) mechanism
  
  
  
  Addition of water (acid-catalyzed) mechanism Lesson
  
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  Select activity Polymerization of alkenes with acid
  
  
  
  Polymerization of alkenes with acid Lesson
  
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  Select activity Ozonolysis
  
  
  
  Ozonolysis Lesson
  
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  Alkynes
  
  Select activity Hydrohalogenation of alkynes- Part 1
  
  
  
  Hydrohalogenation of alkynes- Part 1 Lesson
  
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  Select activity Hydrohalogenation of alkynes- Part 2
  
  
  
  Hydrohalogenation of alkynes- Part 2 Lesson
  
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  Select activity Alkyne nomenclature
  
  
  
  Alkyne nomenclature Lesson
  
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  Select activity Preparation of alkynes
  
  
  
  Preparation of alkynes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Alkyne acidity and alkylation
  
  
  
  Alkyne acidity and alkylation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Hydrohalogenation of alkynes
  
  
  
  Hydrohalogenation of alkynes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Hydration of alkynes
  
  
  
  Hydration of alkynes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes
  
  
  
  Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Halogenation and ozonolysis of alkynes
  
  
  
  Halogenation and ozonolysis of alkynes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Synthesis using alkynes
  
  
  
  Synthesis using alkynes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Reduction of alkynes
  
  
  
  Reduction of alkynes Lesson
  
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  Aromatic Hydrocarbons
  
  Select activity Naming benzene derivatives introduction
  
  
  
  Naming benzene derivatives introduction Lesson
  
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  Select activity Naming benzene derivatives
  
  
  
  Naming benzene derivatives Lesson
  
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  Select activity Resonance structures for benzene and the phenoxide anion
  
  
  
  Resonance structures for benzene and the phenoxide anion Lesson
  
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  Select activity Aromatic stability I
  
  
  
  Aromatic stability I Lesson
  
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  Select activity Aromatic stability II
  
  
  
  Aromatic stability II Lesson
  
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  Select activity Aromatic stability III
  
  
  
  Aromatic stability III Lesson
  
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  Select activity Aromatic stability IV
  
  
  
  Aromatic stability IV Lesson
  
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  Select activity Aromatic stability V
  
  
  
  Aromatic stability V Lesson
  
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  Select activity Aromatic heterocycles I
  
  
  
  Aromatic heterocycles I Lesson
  
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  Select activity Aromatic heterocycles II
  
  
  
  Aromatic heterocycles II Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electrophilic aromatic substitution
  
  
  
  Electrophilic aromatic substitution Lesson
  
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  Select activity Bromination of benzene
  
  
  
  Bromination of benzene Lesson
  
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  Select activity Friedel-Crafts acylation
  
  
  
  Friedel-Crafts acylation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Friedel crafts acylation addendum
  
  
  
  Friedel crafts acylation addendum Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism
  
  
  
  Electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism Lesson
  
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  Select activity Halogenation
  
  
  
  Halogenation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Nitration
  
  
  
  Nitration Lesson
  
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  Select activity Sulfonation
  
  
  
  Sulfonation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Friedel-Crafts alkylation
  
  
  
  Friedel-Crafts alkylation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Friedel-Crafts acylation
  
  
  
  Friedel-Crafts acylation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Ortho-para directors I
  
  
  
  Ortho-para directors I Lesson
  
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  Select activity Ortho-para directors II
  
  
  
  Ortho-para directors II Lesson
  
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  Select activity Ortho-para directors III
  
  
  
  Ortho-para directors III Lesson
  
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  Select activity Meta directors I
  
  
  
  Meta directors I Lesson
  
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  Select activity Meta directors II
  
  
  
  Meta directors II Lesson
  
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  Select activity Multiple substituents
  
  
  
  Multiple substituents Lesson
  
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