Chemistry - KhanAcademy

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General

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Select section 1. Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

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1. Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
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  Importance of Chemistry
  
  Select activity Introduction to chemistry
  
  Introduction to chemistry Lesson
  
  Students must
  
  Mark as done
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  Nature of Matter
  
  Select activity Elements and atoms
  
  Elements and atoms Lesson
  
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  Select activity Nature of matter
  
  Nature of matter Lesson
  
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  Properties of Matter and Their Measurement
  
  Select activity Measurement of physical properties
  
  
  
  Measurement of physical properties Lesson
  
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  Select activity Comparing Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature scales
  
  
  
  Comparing Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature scales Lesson
  
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  Select activity Converting Fahrenheit to Celsius
  
  
  
  Converting Fahrenheit to Celsius Lesson
  
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  Select activity Concentration terms in Chemistry
  
  
  
  Concentration terms in Chemistry Lesson
  
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  Uncertainity in Measurement
  
  Select activity Introduction to scientific notation
  
  
  
  Introduction to scientific notation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Scientific notation examples
  
  
  
  Scientific notation examples Lesson
  
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  Select activity Express a small number in scientific notation (example)
  
  
  
  Express a small number in scientific notation (example) Lesson
  
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  Select activity Significant figures
  
  
  
  Significant figures Lesson
  
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  Select activity More on significant figures
  
  
  
  More on significant figures Lesson
  
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  Select activity Multiplying and dividing with significant figures
  
  
  
  Multiplying and dividing with significant figures Lesson
  
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  Select activity Addition and subtraction with significant figures
  
  
  
  Addition and subtraction with significant figures Lesson
  
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  Select activity 1st application of dimensional analysis
  
  
  
  1st application of dimensional analysis Lesson
  
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  Select activity 2nd application of dimensional analysis
  
  
  
  2nd application of dimensional analysis Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: dimensional analysis
  
  
  
  Worked example: dimensional analysis Lesson
  
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  Laws of Chemical Combination
  
  Select activity Law of conservation of mass
  
  
  
  Law of conservation of mass Lesson
  
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  Select activity Law of definite proportions
  
  
  
  Law of definite proportions Lesson
  
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  Select activity Law of Multiple Proportions
  
  
  
  Law of Multiple Proportions Lesson
  
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  Select activity Gay Lussac's Law
  
  
  
  Gay Lussac's Law Lesson
  
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  Select activity Avogadro's law
  
  
  
  Avogadro's law Lesson
  
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  Atomic and Molecular Masses
  
  Select activity Average atomic mass
  
  Average atomic mass Lesson
  
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  Select activity Atomic, molecular & formula masses
  
  Atomic, molecular & formula masses Lesson
  
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  Mole Concept and Molar Masses
  
  Select activity The mole and Avogadro's number
  
  The mole and Avogadro's number Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Calculating molar mass and number of moles
  
  Worked example: Calculating molar mass and number of moles Lesson
  
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  Percentage Composition
  
  Select activity Empirical, molecular, and structural formulas
  
  
  
  Empirical, molecular, and structural formulas Lesson
  
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  Select activity Molecular and empirical formulas
  
  
  
  Molecular and empirical formulas Lesson
  
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  Select activity Molecular and empirical formula
  
  
  
  Molecular and empirical formula Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Determining an empirical formula from percent composition data
  
  
  
  Worked example: Determining an empirical formula from percent composition data Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Determining an empirical formula from combustion data
  
  
  
  Worked example: Determining an empirical formula from combustion data Lesson
  
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  Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Calculations
  
  Select activity Stoichiometry
  
  
  
  Stoichiometry Lesson
  
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  Select activity Stoichiometry example problem 1
  
  
  
  Stoichiometry example problem 1 Lesson
  
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  Select activity Stoichiometry example problem 2
  
  
  
  Stoichiometry example problem 2 Lesson
  
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  Select activity Stoichiometry: Limiting reagent
  
  
  
  Stoichiometry: Limiting reagent Lesson
  
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  Select activity Limiting reactant example problem 1
  
  
  
  Limiting reactant example problem 1 Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Calculating the amount of product formed from a limiting reactant
  
  
  
  Worked example: Calculating the amount of product formed from a limiting reactant Lesson
  
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  Select activity Molarity vs. molality
  
  
  
  Molarity vs. molality Lesson
  
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  Select activity Mole Fraction, Molarity, Molality, ppm
  
  
  
  Mole Fraction, Molarity, Molality, ppm Lesson
  
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  Select activity Mole fraction & its relation with concentration terms
  
  
  
  Mole fraction & its relation with concentration terms Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Concentration terms
  
  
  
  Worked example: Concentration terms Lesson
  
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Select section 2. Structure of Atom

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2. Structure of Atom
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  Discovery of Sub-Atomic Particles
  
  Select activity Protons, neutrons, and electrons in atoms
  
  Protons, neutrons, and electrons in atoms Lesson
  
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  Select activity Discovery of electrons
  
  Discovery of electrons Lesson
  
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  Atomic Models
  
  Select activity RutherfordÂ s gold foil experiment
  
  
  
  RutherfordÂ s gold foil experiment Lesson
  
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  Select activity Atomic number, mass number, and isotopes
  
  
  
  Atomic number, mass number, and isotopes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Isotopes
  
  
  
  Isotopes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Atomic number, mass number and isotopes
  
  
  
  Atomic number, mass number and isotopes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Identifying isotopes and ions
  
  
  
  Worked example: Identifying isotopes and ions Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked Example: Isotopes, Isobars & Isotones
  
  
  
  Worked Example: Isotopes, Isobars & Isotones Lesson
  
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  Developments Leading To The Bohr’s Model of Atom
  
  Select activity Electromagnetic waves and the electromagnetic spectrum
  
  
  
  Electromagnetic waves and the electromagnetic spectrum Lesson
  
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  Select activity Introduction to light
  
  
  
  Introduction to light Lesson
  
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  Select activity Amplitude, period, frequency and wavelength of periodic waves
  
  
  
  Amplitude, period, frequency and wavelength of periodic waves Lesson
  
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  Select activity Photon Energy
  
  
  
  Photon Energy Lesson
  
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  Select activity Photoelectric effect
  
  
  
  Photoelectric effect Lesson
  
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  Select activity Absorption and emission
  
  
  
  Absorption and emission Lesson
  
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  Select activity Emission spectrum of hydrogen
  
  
  
  Emission spectrum of hydrogen Lesson
  
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  Select activity Dual nature of EM radiation
  
  
  
  Dual nature of EM radiation Lesson
  
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  Bohr’s Model For Hydrogen Atom
  
  Select activity Bohr model radii (derivation using physics)
  
  
  
  Bohr model radii (derivation using physics) Lesson
  
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  Select activity Bohr model radii
  
  
  
  Bohr model radii Lesson
  
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  Select activity Bohr model energy levels (derivation using physics)
  
  
  
  Bohr model energy levels (derivation using physics) Lesson
  
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  Select activity Bohr model energy levels
  
  
  
  Bohr model energy levels Lesson
  
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  Select activity Atomic Energy Levels
  
  
  
  Atomic Energy Levels Lesson
  
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  Towards Quantum Mechanical Model of The Atom
  
  Select activity De Broglie wavelength | Physics
  
  
  
  De Broglie wavelength | Physics Lesson
  
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  Select activity Dual behaviour of matter: de Broglie wavelength
  
  
  
  Dual behaviour of matter: de Broglie wavelength Lesson
  
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  Select activity Heisenberg uncertainty principle
  
  
  
  Heisenberg uncertainty principle Lesson
  
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  Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom
  
  Select activity Quantum Wavefunction
  
  
  
  Quantum Wavefunction Lesson
  
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  Select activity Quantum numbers
  
  
  
  Quantum numbers Lesson
  
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  Select activity Quantum numbers for the first four shells
  
  
  
  Quantum numbers for the first four shells Lesson
  
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  Select activity The Aufbau principle
  
  
  
  The Aufbau principle Lesson
  
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  Select activity Quantum numbers - Worked problem
  
  
  
  Quantum numbers - Worked problem Lesson
  
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Select section 3. Classification of Elements and Periodicity In Properties

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3. Classification of Elements and Periodicity In Properties
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  Modern Periodic Law and Present Form of The Periodic Table
  
  Select activity Introduction to periodic table
  
  Introduction to periodic table Lesson
  
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  Select activity The periodic table
  
  The periodic table Lesson
  
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  Nomenclature of Elements With Atomic Number Greater Than 100
  
  Select activity Nomenclature of elements with Z more than 100
  
  Nomenclature of elements with Z more than 100 Lesson
  
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  Electronic Configuration of Elements and The Periodic Table
  
  Select activity Introduction to electron configurations
  
  
  
  Introduction to electron configurations Lesson
  
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  Select activity Shells, subshells, and orbitals
  
  
  
  Shells, subshells, and orbitals Lesson
  
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  Select activity Noble gas configuration
  
  
  
  Noble gas configuration Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electron configurations for the first period
  
  
  
  Electron configurations for the first period Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electron configurations for the second period
  
  
  
  Electron configurations for the second period Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electron configurations for the third and fourth periods
  
  
  
  Electron configurations for the third and fourth periods Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electron configurations of the 3d transition metals
  
  
  
  Electron configurations of the 3d transition metals Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electron configurations of ions
  
  
  
  Electron configurations of ions Lesson
  
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  Select activity Transition Metals
  
  
  
  Transition Metals Lesson
  
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  Electronic Configuration and Types of Elements : s,p,d,f Blocks
  
  Select activity Groups of the periodic table
  
  
  
  Groups of the periodic table Lesson
  
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  Select activity Counting valence electrons for main group elements
  
  
  
  Counting valence electrons for main group elements Lesson
  
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  Select activity Characteristic properties of different blocks
  
  
  
  Characteristic properties of different blocks Lesson
  
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  Periodic Trends in Properties of Elements
  
  Select activity Atomic radius trends on periodic table
  
  
  
  Atomic radius trends on periodic table Lesson
  
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  Select activity Atomic and ionic radii
  
  
  
  Atomic and ionic radii Lesson
  
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  Select activity Mini-video on ion size
  
  
  
  Mini-video on ion size Lesson
  
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  Select activity Ionization energy trends
  
  
  
  Ionization energy trends Lesson
  
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  Select activity Ionization energy: group trend
  
  
  
  Ionization energy: group trend Lesson
  
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  Select activity Ionization energy: period trend
  
  
  
  Ionization energy: period trend Lesson
  
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  Select activity First and second ionization energy
  
  
  
  First and second ionization energy Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electron gain enthalpy
  
  
  
  Electron gain enthalpy Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electron affinity: period trend
  
  
  
  Electron affinity: period trend Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electronegativity and bonding
  
  
  
  Electronegativity and bonding Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electronegativity
  
  
  
  Electronegativity Lesson
  
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  Select activity Metallic nature
  
  
  
  Metallic nature Lesson
  
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  Select activity Atomic radius: Worked problem
  
  
  
  Atomic radius: Worked problem Lesson
  
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  Select activity Ionisation enthalpy: Worked problem
  
  
  
  Ionisation enthalpy: Worked problem Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electronegativity: Worked problem
  
  
  
  Electronegativity: Worked problem Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electronic configurations: Worked problem
  
  
  
  Electronic configurations: Worked problem Lesson
  
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  Select activity Oxidation state trends in periodic table
  
  
  
  Oxidation state trends in periodic table Lesson
  
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  Select activity Valence electrons and ionic compounds
  
  
  
  Valence electrons and ionic compounds Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Finding the formula of an ionic compound
  
  
  
  Worked example: Finding the formula of an ionic compound Lesson
  
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  Select activity Anomalous behaviour of 2nd period elements
  
  
  
  Anomalous behaviour of 2nd period elements Lesson
  
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  Select activity Diagonal relationship
  
  
  
  Diagonal relationship Lesson
  
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Select section 4. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

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4. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
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  Kossel-Lewis Approach To Chemical Bonding
  
  Select activity Covalent bonds
  
  
  
  Covalent bonds Lesson
  
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  Select activity Exceptions to the octet rule
  
  
  
  Exceptions to the octet rule Lesson
  
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  Select activity Drawing Lewis diagrams
  
  
  
  Drawing Lewis diagrams Lesson
  
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  Select activity More on the dot structure for sulfur dioxide
  
  
  
  More on the dot structure for sulfur dioxide Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Lewis diagram of formaldehyde (CH₂O)
  
  
  
  Worked example: Lewis diagram of formaldehyde (CH₂O) Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Lewis diagram of the cyanide ion (CN⁻)
  
  
  
  Worked example: Lewis diagram of the cyanide ion (CN⁻) Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Lewis diagram of xenon difluoride (XeF₂)
  
  
  
  Worked example: Lewis diagram of xenon difluoride (XeF₂) Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Using formal charges to evaluate nonequivalent resonance structures
  
  
  
  Worked example: Using formal charges to evaluate nonequivalent resonance structures Lesson
  
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  Ionic or Electrovalent Bond
  
  Select activity Ionic bonds
  
  
  
  Ionic bonds Lesson
  
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  Select activity Ionic bonds: Reaction of metals & Non-metals
  
  
  
  Ionic bonds: Reaction of metals & Non-metals Lesson
  
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  Select activity Metallic bonds
  
  
  
  Metallic bonds Lesson
  
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  Select activity Predicting bond type (metals vs. nonmetals)
  
  
  
  Predicting bond type (metals vs. nonmetals) Lesson
  
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  Bond Parameters
  
  Select activity Bond length and bond energy
  
  
  
  Bond length and bond energy Lesson
  
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  Select activity Lattice energy
  
  
  
  Lattice energy Lesson
  
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  Select activity Resonance
  
  
  
  Resonance Lesson
  
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  Select activity Formal charge
  
  
  
  Formal charge Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electronegativity and bonding
  
  
  
  Electronegativity and bonding Lesson
  
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  Select activity Predicting bond type (electronegativity)
  
  
  
  Predicting bond type (electronegativity) Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Finding bond order
  
  
  
  Worked example: Finding bond order Lesson
  
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  The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory
  
  Select activity VSEPR for 2 electron clouds
  
  
  
  VSEPR for 2 electron clouds Lesson
  
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  Select activity VSEPR for 3 electron clouds
  
  
  
  VSEPR for 3 electron clouds Lesson
  
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  Select activity VSEPR for 4 electron clouds
  
  
  
  VSEPR for 4 electron clouds Lesson
  
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  Select activity VSEPR for 5 electron clouds (part 1)
  
  
  
  VSEPR for 5 electron clouds (part 1) Lesson
  
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  Select activity VSEPR for 5 electron clouds (part 2)
  
  
  
  VSEPR for 5 electron clouds (part 2) Lesson
  
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  Select activity VSEPR for 6 electron clouds
  
  
  
  VSEPR for 6 electron clouds Lesson
  
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  Valence Bond Theory
  
  Select activity Valence bond theory
  
  Valence bond theory Lesson
  
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  Hybridisation
  
  Select activity Hybridisation-part1
  
  
  
  Hybridisation-part1 Lesson
  
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  Select activity Hybridisation - part 2
  
  
  
  Hybridisation - part 2 Lesson
  
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  Select activity sp² hybridization
  
  
  
  sp² hybridization Lesson
  
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  Select activity sp³ hybridization
  
  
  
  sp³ hybridization Lesson
  
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  Select activity Steric number
  
  
  
  Steric number Lesson
  
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  Select activity sp hybridization
  
  
  
  sp hybridization Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked examples: Finding the hybridization of atoms in organic molecules
  
  
  
  Worked examples: Finding the hybridization of atoms in organic molecules Lesson
  
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  Molecular Orbital Theory
  
  Select activity Introduction to Molecular orbital theory
  
  Introduction to Molecular orbital theory Lesson
  
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  Select activity Energy Level Diagram for Molecular Orbitals
  
  Energy Level Diagram for Molecular Orbitals Lesson
  
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  Bonding in Some Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules
  
  Select activity Worked example: Interpreting potential energy curves of diatomic molecules
  
  Worked example: Interpreting potential energy curves of diatomic molecules Lesson
  
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  Hydrogen Bonding
  
  Select activity Hydrogen bonding
  
  Hydrogen bonding Lesson
  
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  Select activity Hydrogen bonding in water
  
  Hydrogen bonding in water Lesson
  
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Select section 5. Thermodynamics

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5. Thermodynamics
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  Thermodynamic Terms
  
  Select activity First Law of Thermodynamics introduction
  
  
  
  First Law of Thermodynamics introduction Lesson
  
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  Select activity More on internal energy
  
  
  
  More on internal energy Lesson
  
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  Select activity Calculating internal energy and work example
  
  
  
  Calculating internal energy and work example Lesson
  
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  Applications
  
  Select activity State and Path functions
  
  
  
  State and Path functions Lesson
  
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  Select activity Free expansion of an ideal gas
  
  
  
  Free expansion of an ideal gas Lesson
  
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  Select activity Work from expansion
  
  
  
  Work from expansion Lesson
  
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  Select activity Heat of formation
  
  
  
  Heat of formation Lesson
  
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  Measurment of ‘∆u & ∆h’ of Reactions
  
  Select activity Hess's law and reaction enthalpy change
  
  Hess's law and reaction enthalpy change Lesson
  
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  Select activity Hess's law example
  
  Hess's law example Lesson
  
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  Enthalpies For Different Types of Reactions
  
  Select activity Enthalpy
  
  
  
  Enthalpy Lesson
  
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  Select activity Standard enthalpy change for combustion
  
  
  
  Standard enthalpy change for combustion Lesson
  
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  Select activity Standard enthalpy of atomisation
  
  
  
  Standard enthalpy of atomisation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Bond enthalpy and enthalpy of reaction
  
  
  
  Bond enthalpy and enthalpy of reaction Lesson
  
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  Select activity Lattice Enthalpy
  
  
  
  Lattice Enthalpy Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Enthalpy and calorimetry
  
  
  
  Worked example: Enthalpy and calorimetry Lesson
  
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  Spontaneity
  
  Select activity Introduction to entropy
  
  
  
  Introduction to entropy Lesson
  
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  Select activity Reconciling thermodynamic and state definitions of entropy
  
  
  
  Reconciling thermodynamic and state definitions of entropy Lesson
  
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  Select activity Entropy intuition
  
  
  
  Entropy intuition Lesson
  
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  Select activity More on entropy
  
  
  
  More on entropy Lesson
  
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  Select activity Gibbs free energy and spontaneity
  
  
  
  Gibbs free energy and spontaneity Lesson
  
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  Select activity Gibbs free energy example
  
  
  
  Gibbs free energy example Lesson
  
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  Select activity More rigorous Gibbs free energy / spontaneity relationship
  
  
  
  More rigorous Gibbs free energy / spontaneity relationship Lesson
  
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  Select activity A look at a seductive but wrong Gibbs/spontaneity proof
  
  
  
  A look at a seductive but wrong Gibbs/spontaneity proof Lesson
  
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  Select activity Calculating std. Gibbs free energy change
  
  
  
  Calculating std. Gibbs free energy change Lesson
  
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  Gibbs Energy Change and Equilibrium
  
  Select activity Changes in free energy and the reaction quotient
  
  
  
  Changes in free energy and the reaction quotient Lesson
  
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  Select activity Standard change in free energy and the equilibrium constant
  
  
  
  Standard change in free energy and the equilibrium constant Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Hess's law
  
  
  
  Worked example: Hess's law Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Gibbs free energy & equilibrium constant
  
  
  
  Worked example: Gibbs free energy & equilibrium constant Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Gibbs free energy change & spontaneity
  
  
  
  Worked example: Gibbs free energy change & spontaneity Lesson
  
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Select section 6. Equilibrium

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6. Equilibrium
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  Equilibrium in Physical Processes
  
  Select activity Dissolution of solids and gases in liquids
  
  Dissolution of solids and gases in liquids Lesson
  
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  Equilibrium in Chemical Processes – Dynamic Equilibrium
  
  Select activity Dynamic equilibrium
  
  Dynamic equilibrium Lesson
  
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  Select activity Reactions in equilibrium
  
  Reactions in equilibrium Lesson
  
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  Law of Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibrium Constant
  
  Select activity Direction of reversible reactions
  
  
  
  Direction of reversible reactions Lesson
  
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  Select activity Writing equilibrium constant and reaction quotient expressions
  
  
  
  Writing equilibrium constant and reaction quotient expressions Lesson
  
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  Select activity Keq intuition
  
  
  
  Keq intuition Lesson
  
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  Select activity Keq derivation intuition
  
  
  
  Keq derivation intuition Lesson
  
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  Heterogeneous Equilibria
  
  Select activity Small x approximation for small Kc
  
  
  
  Small x approximation for small Kc Lesson
  
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  Select activity Small x approximation for large Kc
  
  
  
  Small x approximation for large Kc Lesson
  
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  Select activity Heterogeneous equilibrium
  
  
  
  Heterogeneous equilibrium Lesson
  
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  Applications of Equilibrium Constants
  
  Select activity Introduction to reaction quotient Qc
  
  
  
  Introduction to reaction quotient Qc Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Using the reaction quotient to predict a pressure change
  
  
  
  Worked example: Using the reaction quotient to predict a pressure change Lesson
  
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  Select activity Using the reaction quotient
  
  
  
  Using the reaction quotient Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked examples: Calculating equilibrium constants
  
  
  
  Worked examples: Calculating equilibrium constants Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Calculating equilibrium concentrations from initial concentrations
  
  
  
  Worked example: Calculating equilibrium concentrations from initial concentrations Lesson
  
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  Factors Affecting Equilibria
  
  Select activity Le Chatelier's principle
  
  
  
  Le Chatelier's principle Lesson
  
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  Select activity Le Chȃtelier’s principle: Changing concentration
  
  
  
  Le Chȃtelier’s principle: Changing concentration Lesson
  
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  Select activity Le Chȃtelier’s principle: Changing volume
  
  
  
  Le Chȃtelier’s principle: Changing volume Lesson
  
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  Select activity Le Chȃtelier’s principle: Changing temperature
  
  
  
  Le Chȃtelier’s principle: Changing temperature Lesson
  
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  Select activity Le-Chatelier's Principle: Adding a catalyst
  
  
  
  Le-Chatelier's Principle: Adding a catalyst Lesson
  
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  Select activity Le-Chatelier's Principle: Adding inert gas
  
  
  
  Le-Chatelier's Principle: Adding inert gas Lesson
  
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  Select activity Le Chatelier's principle: Worked example
  
  
  
  Le Chatelier's principle: Worked example Lesson
  
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  Ionic Equilibrium in Solution
  
  Select activity Worked example on ionic equilibrium
  
  Worked example on ionic equilibrium Lesson
  
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  Acids, Bases and Salts
  
  Select activity Arrhenius definition of acids and bases
  
  
  
  Arrhenius definition of acids and bases Lesson
  
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  Select activity Strong and weak acids/bases
  
  
  
  Strong and weak acids/bases Lesson
  
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  Select activity Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases
  
  
  
  Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases Lesson
  
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  Select activity Conjugate acid–base pairs
  
  
  
  Conjugate acid–base pairs Lesson
  
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  Select activity Acid-base properties of salts
  
  
  
  Acid-base properties of salts Lesson
  
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  Ionization of Acids and Bases
  
  Select activity Autoionization of water
  
  
  
  Autoionization of water Lesson
  
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  Select activity Definition of pH
  
  
  
  Definition of pH Lesson
  
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  Select activity Strong acids and strong bases
  
  
  
  Strong acids and strong bases Lesson
  
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  Select activity pH, pOH of strong acids and bases
  
  
  
  pH, pOH of strong acids and bases Lesson
  
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  Select activity Strong acid solutions
  
  
  
  Strong acid solutions Lesson
  
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  Select activity Strong base solutions
  
  
  
  Strong base solutions Lesson
  
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  Select activity Ka and acid strength
  
  
  
  Ka and acid strength Lesson
  
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  Select activity Acid strength, anion size, and bond energy
  
  
  
  Acid strength, anion size, and bond energy Lesson
  
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  Select activity Weak acid equilibrium
  
  
  
  Weak acid equilibrium Lesson
  
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  Select activity Weak base equilibrium
  
  
  
  Weak base equilibrium Lesson
  
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  Select activity Relationship between Ka and Kb
  
  
  
  Relationship between Ka and Kb Lesson
  
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  Select activity pKa and pKb relationship
  
  
  
  pKa and pKb relationship Lesson
  
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  Select activity Common ion effect and buffers
  
  
  
  Common ion effect and buffers Lesson
  
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  Select activity pH of salt solutions
  
  
  
  pH of salt solutions Lesson
  
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  Buffer Solutions
  
  Select activity Introduction to buffers
  
  
  
  Introduction to buffers Lesson
  
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  Select activity Properties of buffers
  
  
  
  Properties of buffers Lesson
  
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  Select activity Buffers and Henderson-Hasselbalch
  
  
  
  Buffers and Henderson-Hasselbalch Lesson
  
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  Select activity Buffer solution pH calculations
  
  
  
  Buffer solution pH calculations Lesson
  
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  Select activity Methods for preparing buffers
  
  
  
  Methods for preparing buffers Lesson
  
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  Select activity pH and pKa relationship for buffers
  
  
  
  pH and pKa relationship for buffers Lesson
  
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  Select activity Buffer capacity y
  
  
  
  Buffer capacity y Lesson
  
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  Select activity Ways to get a buffer solution
  
  
  
  Ways to get a buffer solution Lesson
  
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  Solubility Equilibria of Sparingly Soluble Salts
  
  Select activity Introduction to solubility equilibria
  
  
  
  Introduction to solubility equilibria Lesson
  
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  Select activity Dissolution and precipitation
  
  
  
  Dissolution and precipitation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Common polyatomic ions
  
  
  
  Common polyatomic ions Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Calculating solubility from Kₛₚ
  
  
  
  Worked example: Calculating solubility from Kₛₚ Lesson
  
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  Select activity The common-ion effect
  
  
  
  The common-ion effect Lesson
  
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  Select activity Solubility and the pH of the solution
  
  
  
  Solubility and the pH of the solution Lesson
  
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  Select activity Solubility and complex ion formation
  
  
  
  Solubility and complex ion formation Lesson
  
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Select section 7. Redox Reactions

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7. Redox Reactions
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  Classical Idea of Redox Reactions – Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
  
  Select activity Introduction to redox reactions
  
  
  
  Introduction to redox reactions Lesson
  
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  Select activity Oxidation and reduction (Conventional definition)
  
  
  
  Oxidation and reduction (Conventional definition) Lesson
  
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  Select activity Redox reaction
  
  
  
  Redox reaction Lesson
  
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  Redox Reaction in Term of Electron Transfer Reactions
  
  Select activity Oxidation and reduction
  
  
  
  Oxidation and reduction Lesson
  
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  Select activity Redox reaction with iron
  
  
  
  Redox reaction with iron Lesson
  
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  Select activity Redox titrations
  
  
  
  Redox titrations Lesson
  
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  Oxidation Number
  
  Select activity Simple redox reactions
  
  
  
  Simple redox reactions Lesson
  
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  Select activity Combination Reactions
  
  
  
  Combination Reactions Lesson
  
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  Select activity Displacement reactions
  
  
  
  Displacement reactions Lesson
  
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  Select activity Decomposition reactions
  
  
  
  Decomposition reactions Lesson
  
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  Select activity Disproportionation reaction
  
  
  
  Disproportionation reaction Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Disproportionation reaction
  
  
  
  Worked example: Disproportionation reaction Lesson
  
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  Select activity Oxidation state trends in periodic table
  
  
  
  Oxidation state trends in periodic table Lesson
  
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  Select activity Practice determining oxidation states
  
  
  
  Practice determining oxidation states Lesson
  
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  Select activity Unusual oxygen oxidation states
  
  
  
  Unusual oxygen oxidation states Lesson
  
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  Select activity Oxidizing and reducing agents
  
  
  
  Oxidizing and reducing agents Lesson
  
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  Select activity Disproportionation
  
  
  
  Disproportionation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Using oxidation numbers to identify oxidation and reduction
  
  
  
  Worked example: Using oxidation numbers to identify oxidation and reduction Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Balancing a redox equation in acidic solution
  
  
  
  Worked example: Balancing a redox equation in acidic solution Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Balancing a redox equation in basic solution
  
  
  
  Worked example: Balancing a redox equation in basic solution Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Redox titrations
  
  
  
  Worked example: Redox titrations Lesson
  
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  Redox Reactions and Electrode Processes
  
  Select activity Introduction to galvanic/voltaic cells
  
  
  
  Introduction to galvanic/voltaic cells Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electrodes and voltage of Galvanic cell
  
  
  
  Electrodes and voltage of Galvanic cell Lesson
  
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  Select activity Shorthand notation for galvanic/voltaic cells
  
  
  
  Shorthand notation for galvanic/voltaic cells Lesson
  
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  Select activity Standard reduction potentials
  
  
  
  Standard reduction potentials Lesson
  
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  Select activity Redox reaction from dissolving zinc in copper sulfate
  
  
  
  Redox reaction from dissolving zinc in copper sulfate Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked example: Electrode processes
  
  
  
  Worked example: Electrode processes Lesson
  
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Select section 8. Organic Chemistry-Some Basic Principles And Techniques

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8. Organic Chemistry-Some Basic Principles And Techniques
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  Tetravalency of Carbon: Shapes of Organic Compounds
  
  Select activity Carbon as a building block of life
  
  
  
  Carbon as a building block of life Lesson
  
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  Select activity Silicon-based life
  
  
  
  Silicon-based life Lesson
  
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  Select activity sp3 hybridized orbitals and sigma bonds
  
  
  
  sp3 hybridized orbitals and sigma bonds Lesson
  
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  Select activity Pi bonds and sp2 hybridized orbitals
  
  
  
  Pi bonds and sp2 hybridized orbitals Lesson
  
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  Structural Representations of Organic Compounds
  
  Select activity Representing structures of organic molecules
  
  
  
  Representing structures of organic molecules Lesson
  
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  Select activity Dot structures I: Single bonds
  
  
  
  Dot structures I: Single bonds Lesson
  
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  Select activity Dot structures II: Multiple bonds
  
  
  
  Dot structures II: Multiple bonds Lesson
  
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  Select activity Condensed structures
  
  
  
  Condensed structures Lesson
  
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  Select activity Bond-line structures
  
  
  
  Bond-line structures Lesson
  
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  Select activity Three-dimensional bond-line structures
  
  
  
  Three-dimensional bond-line structures Lesson
  
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  Select activity Tetrahedral bond angle proof
  
  
  
  Tetrahedral bond angle proof Lesson
  
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  Classification of Organic Compounds
  
  Select activity Functional groups
  
  Functional groups Lesson
  
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  Select activity Homologous series
  
  Homologous series Lesson
  
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  Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
  
  Select activity Nomenclature of carbon compounds (Including functional groups)
  
  
  
  Nomenclature of carbon compounds (Including functional groups) Lesson
  
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  Select activity Naming simple alkanes
  
  
  
  Naming simple alkanes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Naming alkanes with alkyl groups
  
  
  
  Naming alkanes with alkyl groups Lesson
  
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  Select activity Correction - 2-propylheptane should never be the name!
  
  
  
  Correction - 2-propylheptane should never be the name! Lesson
  
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  Select activity Common and systematic naming: iso-, sec-, and tert- prefixes
  
  
  
  Common and systematic naming: iso-, sec-, and tert- prefixes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Naming alkanes with ethyl groups
  
  
  
  Naming alkanes with ethyl groups Lesson
  
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  Select activity Alkane with isopropyl group
  
  
  
  Alkane with isopropyl group Lesson
  
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  Select activity Functional groups
  
  
  
  Functional groups Lesson
  
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  Select activity More functional groups
  
  
  
  More functional groups Lesson
  
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  Select activity Identifying functional groups
  
  
  
  Identifying functional groups Lesson
  
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  Select activity Organic chemistry naming examples 2
  
  
  
  Organic chemistry naming examples 2 Lesson
  
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  Select activity Organic chemistry naming examples 3
  
  
  
  Organic chemistry naming examples 3 Lesson
  
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  Select activity Naming a cycloalkane
  
  
  
  Naming a cycloalkane Lesson
  
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  Select activity Naming two isobutyl groups systematically
  
  
  
  Naming two isobutyl groups systematically Lesson
  
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  Select activity Organic chemistry naming examples 4
  
  
  
  Organic chemistry naming examples 4 Lesson
  
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  Select activity Alkane and cycloalkane nomenclature I
  
  
  
  Alkane and cycloalkane nomenclature I Lesson
  
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  Select activity Alkane and cycloalkane nomenclature II
  
  
  
  Alkane and cycloalkane nomenclature II Lesson
  
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  Select activity Alkane and cycloalkane nomenclature III
  
  
  
  Alkane and cycloalkane nomenclature III Lesson
  
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  Select activity Naming benzene derivatives introduction
  
  
  
  Naming benzene derivatives introduction Lesson
  
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  Isomerism
  
  Select activity Isomers
  
  Isomers Lesson
  
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  Select activity Structural (constitutional) isomers
  
  Structural (constitutional) isomers Lesson
  
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  Fundamental Concepts in Organic Reaction Mechanism
  
  Select activity Carbocation stability and rearrangements
  
  
  
  Carbocation stability and rearrangements Lesson
  
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  Select activity Carbocation rearrangement practice
  
  
  
  Carbocation rearrangement practice Lesson
  
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  Select activity Identifying nucleophilic and electrophilic centers
  
  
  
  Identifying nucleophilic and electrophilic centers Lesson
  
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  Select activity Curly arrow conventions in organic chemistry
  
  
  
  Curly arrow conventions in organic chemistry Lesson
  
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  Select activity Nucleophilicity (Nucleophile Strength)
  
  
  
  Nucleophilicity (Nucleophile Strength) Lesson
  
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  Select activity Nucleophilicity vs. Basicity
  
  
  
  Nucleophilicity vs. Basicity Lesson
  
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  Select activity Intro to Electronic Effects (& why should I care ?)
  
  
  
  Intro to Electronic Effects (& why should I care ?) Lesson
  
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  Select activity The Inductive Effect
  
  
  
  The Inductive Effect Lesson
  
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  Select activity Inductive effect and stability of intermediates-Part 1
  
  
  
  Inductive effect and stability of intermediates-Part 1 Lesson
  
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  Select activity Inductive effect and stability of reaction intermediates- Part 2
  
  
  
  Inductive effect and stability of reaction intermediates- Part 2 Lesson
  
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  Select activity Resonance structure
  
  
  
  Resonance structure Lesson
  
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  Select activity Resonance structure patterns
  
  
  
  Resonance structure patterns Lesson
  
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  Select activity Resonance structures for benzene and the phenoxide anion
  
  
  
  Resonance structures for benzene and the phenoxide anion Lesson
  
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  Select activity Common mistakes when drawing resonance structures
  
  
  
  Common mistakes when drawing resonance structures Lesson
  
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  Select activity Resonance structures and hybridization
  
  
  
  Resonance structures and hybridization Lesson
  
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  Select activity Quantity of Resonating Structures vs Quality
  
  
  
  Quantity of Resonating Structures vs Quality Lesson
  
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  Select activity Stability due to Resonance
  
  
  
  Stability due to Resonance Lesson
  
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  Select activity +R & -R groups in Resonance
  
  
  
  +R & -R groups in Resonance Lesson
  
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  Select activity Relative strengths of different -R groups
  
  
  
  Relative strengths of different -R groups Lesson
  
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  Select activity Resonance due to Electron Donors in a Benzyl Cation
  
  
  
  Resonance due to Electron Donors in a Benzyl Cation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Effect of an electron withdrawing group in a benzyl cation
  
  
  
  Effect of an electron withdrawing group in a benzyl cation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Stability of a substituted benzyl anion
  
  
  
  Stability of a substituted benzyl anion Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked ex - Resonance vs Inductive Effects
  
  
  
  Worked ex - Resonance vs Inductive Effects Lesson
  
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  Select activity Hyperconjugation in a benzyl cation
  
  
  
  Hyperconjugation in a benzyl cation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Hyperconjugation - Isotopic Effect
  
  
  
  Hyperconjugation - Isotopic Effect Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked ex - stability due to Hyperconjugation
  
  
  
  Worked ex - stability due to Hyperconjugation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Alkene stability
  
  
  
  Alkene stability Lesson
  
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  Select activity Heat of hydrogenation vs stability of alkenes
  
  
  
  Heat of hydrogenation vs stability of alkenes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Worked ex : Resonance vs Hyperconjugation
  
  
  
  Worked ex : Resonance vs Hyperconjugation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Elimination vs substitution: reagent
  
  
  
  Elimination vs substitution: reagent Lesson
  
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  Methods of Purification of Organic Compounds
  
  Select activity Simple and fractional distillations
  
  
  
  Simple and fractional distillations Lesson
  
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  Select activity Basics of chromatography
  
  
  
  Basics of chromatography Lesson
  
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  Select activity Column chromatography
  
  
  
  Column chromatography Lesson
  
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  Select activity Thin layer chromatography (TLC)
  
  
  
  Thin layer chromatography (TLC) Lesson
  
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  Select activity Calculating retention factors for TLC
  
  
  
  Calculating retention factors for TLC Lesson
  
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  Select activity Gas chromatography
  
  
  
  Gas chromatography Lesson
  
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Select section 9. Hydrocarbons

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9. Hydrocarbons
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  Classification
  
  Select activity Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes- General molecular formula
  
  Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes- General molecular formula Lesson
  
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  Select activity Nomenclature of hydrocarbons: Alkanes, Alkenes, & Alkynes
  
  Nomenclature of hydrocarbons: Alkanes, Alkenes, & Alkynes Lesson
  
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  Alkanes
  
  Select activity Naming alkanes with alkyl groups
  
  
  
  Naming alkanes with alkyl groups Lesson
  
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  Select activity Naming simple alkanes
  
  
  
  Naming simple alkanes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Correction - 2-propylheptane should never be the name!
  
  
  
  Correction - 2-propylheptane should never be the name! Lesson
  
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  Select activity Naming alkanes with ethyl groups
  
  
  
  Naming alkanes with ethyl groups Lesson
  
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  Select activity Alkane with isopropyl group
  
  
  
  Alkane with isopropyl group Lesson
  
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  Select activity Representing structures of organic molecules
  
  
  
  Representing structures of organic molecules Lesson
  
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  Select activity Hydrogenation
  
  
  
  Hydrogenation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Kolbe's Electrolyis
  
  
  
  Kolbe's Electrolyis Lesson
  
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  Select activity Free radical reactions
  
  
  
  Free radical reactions Lesson
  
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  Select activity Newman projections
  
  
  
  Newman projections Lesson
  
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  Select activity Conformations of ethane
  
  
  
  Conformations of ethane Lesson
  
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  Select activity Conformational analysis of ethane
  
  
  
  Conformational analysis of ethane Lesson
  
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  Alkenes
  
  Select activity Structure and classification of alkenes
  
  
  
  Structure and classification of alkenes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Alkene nomenclature
  
  
  
  Alkene nomenclature Lesson
  
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  Select activity Naming alkenes examples
  
  
  
  Naming alkenes examples Lesson
  
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  Select activity cis-trans and E-Z naming scheme for alkenes
  
  
  
  cis-trans and E-Z naming scheme for alkenes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Cis–trans isomerism
  
  
  
  Cis–trans isomerism Lesson
  
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  Select activity E–Z system
  
  
  
  E–Z system Lesson
  
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  Select activity Alkene stability
  
  
  
  Alkene stability Lesson
  
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  Select activity Halogenation | Alkenes and Alkynes
  
  
  
  Halogenation | Alkenes and Alkynes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Introduction to reaction mechanisms
  
  
  
  Introduction to reaction mechanisms Lesson
  
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  Select activity Markovnikov's rule and carbocations
  
  
  
  Markovnikov's rule and carbocations Lesson
  
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  Select activity Hydrohalogenation
  
  
  
  Hydrohalogenation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Free radical addition of HBr to an alkene (peroxide effect)
  
  
  
  Free radical addition of HBr to an alkene (peroxide effect) Lesson
  
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  Select activity Addition of water (acid-catalyzed) mechanism
  
  
  
  Addition of water (acid-catalyzed) mechanism Lesson
  
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  Select activity Halohydrin formation
  
  
  
  Halohydrin formation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Hydroboration-oxidation
  
  
  
  Hydroboration-oxidation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Hydroboration-oxidation: Mechanism
  
  
  
  Hydroboration-oxidation: Mechanism Lesson
  
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  Select activity Polymerization of alkenes with acid
  
  
  
  Polymerization of alkenes with acid Lesson
  
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  Select activity Epoxide formation and anti dihydroxylation
  
  
  
  Epoxide formation and anti dihydroxylation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Syn dihydroxylation
  
  
  
  Syn dihydroxylation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Ozonolysis
  
  
  
  Ozonolysis Lesson
  
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  Alkynes
  
  Select activity Alkyne nomenclature
  
  
  
  Alkyne nomenclature Lesson
  
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  Select activity Preparation of alkynes
  
  
  
  Preparation of alkynes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Alkyne acidity and alkylation
  
  
  
  Alkyne acidity and alkylation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Hydrohalogenation of alkynes
  
  
  
  Hydrohalogenation of alkynes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Hydrohalogenation of alkynes- Part 1
  
  
  
  Hydrohalogenation of alkynes- Part 1 Lesson
  
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  Select activity Hydrohalogenation of alkynes- Part 2
  
  
  
  Hydrohalogenation of alkynes- Part 2 Lesson
  
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  Select activity Hydration of alkynes
  
  
  
  Hydration of alkynes Lesson
  
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  Select activity sp² hybridization
  
  
  
  sp² hybridization Lesson
  
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  Select activity Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes
  
  
  
  Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Halogenation and ozonolysis of alkynes
  
  
  
  Halogenation and ozonolysis of alkynes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Synthesis using alkynes
  
  
  
  Synthesis using alkynes Lesson
  
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  Select activity Reduction of alkynes
  
  
  
  Reduction of alkynes Lesson
  
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  Aromatic Hydrocarbon
  
  Select activity Naming benzene derivatives introduction
  
  
  
  Naming benzene derivatives introduction Lesson
  
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  Select activity Naming benzene derivatives
  
  
  
  Naming benzene derivatives Lesson
  
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  Select activity Resonance structures for benzene and the phenoxide anion
  
  
  
  Resonance structures for benzene and the phenoxide anion Lesson
  
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  Select activity Aromatic stability I
  
  
  
  Aromatic stability I Lesson
  
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  Select activity Aromatic stability II
  
  
  
  Aromatic stability II Lesson
  
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  Select activity Aromatic stability III
  
  
  
  Aromatic stability III Lesson
  
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  Select activity Aromatic stability IV
  
  
  
  Aromatic stability IV Lesson
  
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  Select activity Aromatic stability V
  
  
  
  Aromatic stability V Lesson
  
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  Select activity Aromatic heterocycles I
  
  
  
  Aromatic heterocycles I Lesson
  
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  Select activity Aromatic heterocycles II
  
  
  
  Aromatic heterocycles II Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electrophilic aromatic substitution
  
  
  
  Electrophilic aromatic substitution Lesson
  
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  Select activity Electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism
  
  
  
  Electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism Lesson
  
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  Select activity Bromination of benzene
  
  
  
  Bromination of benzene Lesson
  
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  Select activity Friedel crafts acylation addendum
  
  
  
  Friedel crafts acylation addendum Lesson
  
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  Select activity Halogenation
  
  
  
  Halogenation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Nitration
  
  
  
  Nitration Lesson
  
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  Select activity Sulfonation
  
  
  
  Sulfonation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Friedel-Crafts alkylation
  
  
  
  Friedel-Crafts alkylation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Friedel-Crafts acylation
  
  
  
  Friedel-Crafts acylation Lesson
  
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  Select activity Ortho-para directors I
  
  
  
  Ortho-para directors I Lesson
  
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  Select activity Ortho-para directors II
  
  
  
  Ortho-para directors II Lesson
  
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  Select activity Ortho-para directors III
  
  
  
  Ortho-para directors III Lesson
  
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  Select activity Meta directors I
  
  
  
  Meta directors I Lesson
  
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  Select activity Meta directors II
  
  
  
  Meta directors II Lesson
  
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  Select activity Multiple substituents
  
  
  
  Multiple substituents Lesson
  
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